بنو موسی
وقتی از اختراعات و دانشمندان و مهندسین صحبت میکنیم معمولا یاد آن سوی آب ها می افتیم، هرچند پروپاگاندا خاورمیانه را همیشه عامل زوال و بدبختی نشان می دهد اما این تاریخ است که صداقت دارد. در این بخش تاریخچه ی یکی از اختراعات مهم بشر که باعث انقلابی در موسیقی جهان شد را بررسی میکنیم، تکنولوژی Midi یا به فارسی رابط ؛دیجیتالی ادوات موسیقی؛ همانطور که از اسمش پیداست رابطی است برای اتصال سازها یا افکت های موسیقی به کدهای دیجیتالی از طریق محاسبه گر یا کامپیوتر. تکنولوژی Midi که امروزه سراغ داریم به دهه ی ٨٠ میلادی باز می گردد اما اگر به شما بگویم ایده ی اولیه این تکنولوژی به قرن نهم میلادی آن هم در ایران باز می گردد باور میکنید؟ در زمانی که ایران کشوری پهناور بود جایی در بغداد کنونی سه برادر زندگی میکردند که بعد ها به اخوان ثلاثه معروف شدند، برادران که بنو موسی یا فرزندان موسی نامیده میشدند به نام های جعفر، حسن و احمد هرکدام به بخشی از علوم مهندسی واقف بودند، از جمله علاقمندی های آن ها نجوم، ریاضی و فیزیک بود، علاوه بر صدها اختراع، ایشان کتاب های بسیاری را از ریاضی دانان و فلاسفه یونانی را ترجمه کردند و کتاب های بسیاری را نوشتند که از مهم ترین آن ها می توان به الفرسطون اشاره کرد. برادران بنو موسی اختراعات فراوانی دارند که امروزه در جهان از آن ها استفاده های فراوانی می شود مثل توربین های بادی اما چیزی که برای ما شگفت انگیز است اختراع مرد فلوت نواز است.
مرد فلوت نواز که از جمله اختراعات خیره کننده این برادران است کاملا از قواعد فیزیک و مکانیک حکایت دارد، مجسمه ای است از مردی ایرانی با دستار و لباس، دو بازوی مکانیکی دارد و فلوتی در دست، فلوت می نوازد، به چندین آهنگ مسلط است، بی نقص و اشتباه مثل ربات های امروزی می نوازد، این ربات قرن نهم میلادی از تکنولوژی سیلندر استفاده می کند، همان چیزی که در جعبههای موسیقی امروزی سراغ داریم که در شهر کتاب ها معمولا نمونه های کوچکی از آن ها برای فروش گذاشته شده. کاربرد مرد فلوت نواز در مهمانی ها بود، مانند Dj های امروزی یا Playlist های شما که در گوشی های موبایلتان پخش میشود. این اولین مکانیزم فیزیکی ساخته ی دست بشر در جهان است که پیوند بین موسیقی و غیر انسان را به خوبی نشان می دهد.

سینت ها
در قرن ١٩ میلادی که نه رادیو وجود داشت نه تلویزیون کسانی که نوازندگی بلد نبودند چطور باید از موسیقی لذت می بردند؟ مخترعین آمریکایی و آلمانی دست به کار شدند و تکنولوژی سیلندر را کمی دستکاری کردند و آن را درون یک پیانو جای دادند تا هر کس که نوازندگی نمیداند هم بتواند از پیانو لذت ببرد.
اشتیاق به موسیقی و تجربه ی نوعی جدید از نواختن و ساخت موسیقی رفته رفته در ذهن هنرمندان و مهندسین شکل می گرفت، با دیدن دستگاه پیانو نواز و بعد ها ارکست نواز مهندسین این بار به فکر افتادند تا وسیله ای بسازید که انسان به طور محسوس در آن نقش ایفا کند تا همه چیز به عهده ی ماشین نباشد.
تقریبا از قرن ١٩ به بعد این روند جدی تر شد و میتوان گفت جرقه های موسیقی الکترونیک از این قرن زده شد. کمپانی RCA پیشگام این صنعت بود و می توان گفت اولین سینتی سایزر به دستان مهندسین این کمپانی ساخته شد، از جمله اختراعات مهم این کمپانی میتوان به ساز Theremin اشاره کرد که بعد ها Robert Moog همانطور که از نامش پیداست بنیانگذار کمپانی Moog شیفته ی آن شد و نسخه های زیادی از آن را ساخت و به فروش رساند. نام های بزرگی اقدام به ساخت و توسعه ی این دستگاه محبوب یعنی سینتی سایزر کردند اما بی شک تاثیرگذارترین آن ها شخص رابرت موگ است، او کسی بود که این دستگاه دوست داشتنی را از زیر زمین ها و آزمایشگاههای دانشگاه بیرون کشید و در دست موسیقیدانان و علاقمندان موسیقی گذاشت.
کمپانی موگ نه تنها تابه امروز از موفق ترین کمپانی ها ساخت سینتی سایزر است بلکه همیشه با اختراعات خود یک گام جلوتر از سایر همکاران یا رقبا بوده.
موگ برای اولین بار از دستگاه های ماژولار استاندارد خود رونمایی کرد، جالب است بدانید که ایده به همان مرد فلوت نواز و بعد ها پیانو نواز باز می گردد اما این بار به جای کنترل دستگاه توسط سیلندر یا چرخ پیانو این ولتاژ بود که نقش اساسی ایفا میکرد. همه چیز خیلی زود تغییر کرد و سرعت ساخت و ساز و اختراعات روز به روز بیشتر شد اما تمامی سینت ها از الگوی موگ پیروی کردند از جمله می توان به 808 TR از کمپانی محبوب Roland اشاره کرد، این سینت تا به امروز جز محبوب ترین سینت ها به شمار می آید.
از اواخر دهه ی ٧٠ با پیشرفت روزافزون علم کم کم پردازش گر ها هم وارد بازی شدند و حاصل آن ها سینت های دیجیتال و کیبورد ها بود، از جمله مهمترین بازیگران عصر نوین میتوان به Korg, Yamaha اشاره کرد.
ایکتارو کاکهاشی
زندگی به خیلی از انسان ها روی خوش نشان نمی دهد، از آنجا که عدالت فقط یک توهم است و ما چیزی بیشتر از چند خط کد یا در بهترین حالت موش های آزمایشگاهی نیستیم یا هرچیز دیگه ای که شما فکر میکنید هستید! ایکتارو کاکهاشی هم از این قاعده مستثنا نبود.
در دو سالگی پدر و مادر خود را از دست داد و با بستگانش بزرگ شد، آوارگی و خانه بدوشی نقش اساسی در زندگی او بازی میکرد و او تقریبا به این اوضاع عادت کرده بود، دوران نوجوانیش با جنگ جهانی دوم همراه بود، تنها چهارده سال سن داشت که روی کشتی جنگی ژاپنی شروع به فعالیت کرد، چگونه زنده ماندن چیزی نبود که تازه یاد گرفته باشد، پس از جنگ اقتصاد ژاپن به شدت ورشکسته بود و او نتوانست وارد دانشگاه شود، روی کشتی جنگی کمی از مکانیک آموخته بود، با دانشش به جنوب ژاپن مهاجرت کرد و در مغازه کوچک ساعت سازی مشغول به کار شد، دانش تعمیر ساعت را فرا گرفت چیزی نگذشت تا مغازه ای کوچک برای خود دست و پا کرد، حالا ایکتارو به جز ساعت رادیو هم تعمیر می کرد، با پولی که پس انداز کرد وارد دانشگاه شد، زندگی باز هم روی نکبت بارش را نشان داد، این بار کاکهاشی با بیماری سل که از پدر و مادرش به ارث برده بود مواجه شد، سه سال تمام در بیمارستان به سر برد و تمام پس اندازش تمام شد، مرگ چیزی نبود که او را بترساند، آنچه باعث مرگش نشده بود قوی ترش کرده بود، روزها گذشت تا دارویی جدید روی وی تاثیر گذاشت و او بهبود یافت، بار دیگر وارد دانشگاه شد و این بار الکترونیک را ادامه داد، او همیشه تحت تاثیر موگ بود، برای خودش ترمین ساخت و سعی میکرد چیزهای دیگر بسازد، کم کم این ساخت و ساز ها باعث تشکیل کمپانی کوچک به نام Ace شد، پس از موفقیت های دیگر کاکهاشی سر انجام کمپانی بزرگ و عظیم Roland را تاسیس کرد.
Midi
در دهه ی هشتاد میلادی کمپانی های مختلفی اقدام به ساخت سینت سایزر ها می کردند اما نگرانی اصلی این بود که هر کدام پروتکل خاص خود را داشتند و هیچ کدام از رویه استاندارد برخوردار نبودند پس دو مهندس بزرگ این عرصه یعنی Dave Smith و Ikutaru Kakehashi از دو کمپانی عظیم یعنی Roland و Sequential Circuits چاره ای اندیشیدند.
طبق ملاقات و جلسه در 1982 Namm Show معاهده ی انجمن مهندسین صدای جهان AES از این پس تمامی سینت سایزر ها باید قوانین بازی جدید را رعایت می کردند، از جمله استفاده از خروجی ١/۴ و صد البته زبانی مشترک برای کنترل و اتصال تمامی سینت های ساخته شده در جهان در قالب Midi.
هر دو مهندس به خاطر این ابتکار خلاقانه و انقلابی در زمینه ی موسیقی جوایز گرمی متعددی را از آن خود کردند. قطعا صدایی از Midi خارج نمی شود و تمامی اتفاقات به صورت دیجیتال در حال رخ دادن است، مثلا در یک کیبورد با فشار دادن دکمه ی نت C این دستور به صورت دیجیتال وارد سخت افزار و نرم افزار می شود و کل عملیات به صورت پیام رد و بدل می شود، درست مثل مغز انسان که فرمان می دهد و اعضای بدن اجرا میکنند.
ساختار میدی چیزی شبیه به دسته های باز یا Joystick ها است، شما با فشردن دکمه ها هدایت بازی را به عهده میگیرد. حال آنکه با Midi میتوانید دو سینت سایزر آنالوگ را به یکدیگر متصل کنید، درست مثل شبکه کردن دو کامپیوتر. شما می توانید نقشه ی Midi را طبق سلیقه ی خود در Daw تغییر دهید یا نقشه های آماده را فعال کنید.
می توانید بدون داشتن مهارت خاص بنوازید و بعد چیدمان نت ها را درست کنید یا زمان بندی یکسان بین دو دستگاه آنالوگ یا دیجیتال ایجاد کنید، در یک کلام موسیقی امروز بدون Midi امکان پذیر نیست.
از آن جایی که سیگنال صوتی آنالوگ با فرکانس و موج و فشار صوت سروکار دارد و Midi چیزی جز ٠ و ١ نیست در جا به جایی های با حجم زیاد ممکن است دچار تاخیر شود.
برای جلوگیری از تاخیر که معمولا در قالب milliSecond از آن یاد می کنیم داشتن کانورتر و پردازشگر قدرتمند شرط اصلی و اساسی است، مثلا هرچه Ram از قدرت بیشتری برخوردار باشد یا Cpu شما بهتر کار کند تاخیر کمتر می شود همچنین استفاده از کارت صدای قدرتمند تر تاخیر را تا حد زیادی کاهش می دهد.
تکنولوژی Midi هم مانند سایبر تکنولوژی های جهان ما در حال پیشرفت است و یا شاید حتی روزی منسوخ شده و جای خود را به تکنولوژی دیگری بدهد.
رو به پایان
جغرافیا انتخابی نیست درست مثل خانواده یا تاریخ تولد اما چی باعث میشه کسی مثل کاکهاشی از این همه بدبختی و بیچارگی صاحب کمپانی بزرگی مثل Roland بشه و بعد ها اختراعی انجام بده که انقلابی توی موسیقی جهان به پا کنه یا چی باعث میشه که برادران بن موسی توی قرن نهم میلادی همچین اختراعاتی داشته باشن؟ استعداد؟ علاقه؟ پشت کار یا دست سرنوشت؟ میدونید همه ما از نسل هوموسپین ها یا انسان های خردمد هستیم که بعد از نابودی نئاندرتال ها به وجود اومدیم، وارد اون بحث نمیشم که DNA بعضی از نئاندرتال ها تو انسان های خردمند هم دیده شده، حرف من این هست که همه مغزی مشترک با پردازش مشترکی داریم و هیچ کس هیچ برتری نسبت به دیگران نداره و نخواهد داشت.
در مورد کاکهاشی حرف های زیادی نیست اون آدم کم حرف و ساکتی بود اما همه ی اطرافیانش از جمله همسرش روی یک خصوصیت اون توافق داشتن، کاکهاشی هرگز تسلیم نمیشه!
– با شیرجه زدن تو آب غرق نمیشی، اگه اون زیر بمونی غرق میشی.
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At the same time, it also set a record for the largest initial public offering in the global capital market
End of chapter Many institutions are very optimistic and have priced the super large cap stock of Xingyu Technology at a price of around 4 yuan to 4.However, before that, Jiuzhou Blue Arrow needed to be reorganized, which was to reorganize the daily project that had been determined a while ago.
The index opened high in early trading but opened sharply lower.
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