EXPORT [Chapter Two]

Noise

در قسمت پیش راجع به صدا و چگونگی انتشار صوت در محیط، نحوه ی رسیدن به گوش و انتقال به مغز صحبت کردیم. هر چه که می شنویم صداست و صدا از ارتعاش هر چیزی که در محیط قابل انتشار وجود دارد پدید می آید. اما نویز چیست؟ نویز هم صداست با این تفاوت که ناخواسته است، در واقع نویز میتواند یک صدای خیلی معمولی باشد مثل صدای ترافیک. باورتان بشود یا نه گاهی صدایی که برای شما لذت بخش است مثل گوش دادن به صدای مورد علاقه تان به موسیقی میتواند برای همسایه شما نویز تلقی شود. نویز می تواند برای هر فرد متفاوت باشد و عوامل زیادی هستند که یک موج صوتی را به نویز تبدیل میکنند و این به شرایط، زمان، محل انتشار صدا، سن انسان و میزان بلندی صدا و تحمل فرد بستگی دارد. مثلا شاید صدای شنیدن موسیقی همسایه در روز زیاد به چشم نیاید اما همین صدا در شب کاملا آزار دهنده است. برخی از نویز ها بسیار مخرب هستند و می توانند آسیب های جدی به مغز و گوش شما وارد کنند. صداهای بالای ٨۵ دسیبل مثل ترافیک شهری، فرودگاه و ماشین آلات صنعتی می توانند باعث ایجاد سکته قلبی، پاره شدن پرده گوش ، فشار به مغز و گردش خون سریع شوند. از این روست که آلودگی صوتی یکی از جدی ترین و مخرب ترین نوع آلودگی ها برای انسان است. خوب این یک نوع عینی و ذهنی از نویز بود اما مدل دیگر نویز در مهندسی صدا و صنعت الکترونیک وجود دارد که گاهی قابل شنیدن نخواهد بود، این نویز توسط قطعه ای از مدار یا مجموعه ای از عوامل دیگر به وجود می آید و در نهایت به صورت آکوستیکی قابل شنیدن است که اغلب به صورت های مختلف مثل Hum, Hiss … خود را نشان میدهند.

فشار صوت

در اینجا سعی دارم به طور مختصر راجع به فشار صوت صحبت کنم، به شخصه عاشق ریاضیات هستم و به طرز عجیبی از این مبحث متنفرم و دوری میکنم، پس به روش احمقانه ی من پیش بریم و این مبحث را ساده یاد بگیریم. یک خط کش را تصور کنید، همانطور که میدانیم واحد اندازه گیری طول متر است، اما همه چیز به بزرگی یک متر نیست پس مقیاسی ریزتر به نام سانتی متر و همانطور ریزتر به نام میلیمتر به کمک ما می آیند. در ریاضیات چیزی به نام لگاریتم وجود دارد، با مقیاس لگاریتم می توانیم ابعاد بزرگ را به ابعاد کوچکتر تبدیل کنیم.

Decibel

دسیبل

دسیبل واحد لگاریتمی است که به عنوان یکای تراز فشار صوت شناخته میشود، در واقع دسیبل کوچک شده ی واحدی به نام بل است علامت اختصاری آن dB است. تراز صوت را می توانیم به سه بخش اساسی تقسیم کنیم.

۱.تراز از توان صوت

۲.تراز از شدت صوت

۳.تراز از فشار صوت

۱. تراز توان صوت مربوط به منبع صوت است و با SWL نشان داده می شود.

۲.تراز شدت صوت مربوط به محیط انتشار می شود و با SIL نشان داده می شود.

۳.تراز فشار صوت به دریافت کننده مربوط می شود، پرده ی گوش انسان یک دریافت کننده محسوب می شود با SPL نشان داده می شود و نسبت به دو تراز دیگر در مطالب آینده بیشتر به چشم ما خواهد خورد.

سالنی بزرگ را تصور کنید که قرار است مهمانی در آن ترتیب داده شود، از آن جا که مهمانی بدون موزیک از کسل کننده ترین گردهمایی های جهان محسوب میشود، شما به فکر پخش موسیقی می افتید و از DJ چیره دست دعوت می کنید تا آتش مهمانی را شعله ور کند. برای پخش موسیقی به جز ادواتی مثل دستگاه پخش قطعا به اسپیکر های با کیفیت خوب و استاندارد نیازمند هستید، پس DJ از شما درخواست می کند تا برای مهمانی اسپیکر فراهم کنید. خوب در این لحظه مغز شما به خوبی تشخیص می دهد که اسپیکر های کامپیوتر که نهایتا سه اینچ هستند قدرت پخش کمتری دارند در نتیجه هیچ کس قادر به شنیدن صدای موزیک نخواهد بود، همچنین اسپیکر های خیلی بزرگ تر برای سالنی هفتاد متری مناسب نیست چون علاوه بر شکایت همسایه ها باعث شکستن شیشه ها و ناشنوایی حضار می شود. اما چه عاملی باعث می شود تا اندازه ی اسپیکر ها و سایز Drive اینطور تاثیر گذار باشد؟ جواب در یک کلمه فشار صوت! فشار صوت با شدت صوت متفاوت است، شدت صوت ارتباط با داینامیک صدا و موج صوتی دارد حال آنکه فشار صوت تعریفی متفاوت دارد. در اینجا به طور مختصر عملکرد اسپیکر به عنوان یک مولد صدا را بررسی خواهیم کرد: سیستم کامپیوتر شما تشکیل شده از داده های دیجیتال است، کارت صدای شما محصولی آنالوگ است، در واقع کارت صدا یک مترجم محسوب میشود. فرض کنید سینتی سایزر خود را به کارت صدا متصل کرده اید، سینت شما عملکردی آنالوگ دارد پس سیگنال صوتی وارد کارت صدا می شود، کارت صدا مانند یک مترجم خیلی سریع سیگنال آنالوگ را به داده های دیجیتال تبدیل میکند, در این جا داده ها در درون کامپیوتر ما که سیستمی دیجیتال است نمایش داده می شوند، این اتفاق در DAW های ما مانند Ableton, Studio One, Pro Tools… ملموس تر و ساده تر نشان داده می شود، سپس داده های ما دوباره به کارت صدا منتقل می شوند، این بار داده های دیجیتال به سیگنال و انرژی الکتریکی تبدیل می شوند، کارت صدای ما ستاره ی ماجراست، این سیگنال ها وارد اسپیکر می شوند, اسپیکر ها انرژی الکتریکی را به انرژی مکانیکی تبدیل می کنند، درایور های اسپیکر شروع به ارتعاش می کنند و بدین صورت سیگنال صوتی و به طور کل موسیقی شنیده می شود. هوا در اطراف ما است، هرچه اسپیکر ما قدرتمند تر باشد مولکول های هوای بیشتری را درگیر میکند و سرعت انتقال بیشتر است در نتیجه صدای بیشتر و حجیم تری تولید می شود و بالعکس هرچه اسپیکر ما کوچک تر باشد صدای کمتری شنیده خواهد شد. البته این توضیحات بسیار ساده و مختصر هستند خوب است که بدانید در پخش و کیفیت صدا عوامل زیادی دست به دست هم میدهند از اجزای به کار گرفته شده و قطعات درون اسپیکر گرفته تا شرایط محیطی و معماری.

در این دیاگرام فشار هوا را مشاهده میکند، شماره 1 سکوت است در واقع صوتی وجود ندارد. شماره ی 2 موج صوتی است که اتفاق افتاده شماره 3 فشار محیط است و در نهایت شماره 4 فشار صوتی است. در این دیگرام رابطه ی موج صوتی، محیط و فشار صوت به خوبی نشان داده شده است.

انواع Noise در مهندسی صدا

در مهندسی صدا نویز ها انواع مختلفی دارند و این طور نیست که هر صدایی که نویز می نامیم یک جنس داشته باشد. در علم مهندسی صدا نویز ها به دسته های گوناگون تقسیم بندی شده اند که مختصری از آن ها را با هم بررسی میکنیم.

Rumble

اکثر ادوات صوتی مانند میکروفون ها دارای نویز هستند این نویز ها به دلیل مدار الکترونیکی، جریان برق و نوع قطعات به کار گرفته شده متفاوت هستند، فرکانسی حدود 40 HZ که در برخورد اول به سختی قابل شنیدن است معمولا در میان این ادوات نویزی مشترک است که اکثرا در دستگاه های ارزان قیمت بسیار نمایان تر است، این نویز ها را Rumble مینامیم.

Polsive

حتما در هنگام ضبط صدای خواننده و به خصوص پادکست با صدای انفجاری و تهاجمی حروف ب و پ مواجه شده اید که بسیار آزار دهنده هستند، این دست از نویز ها را Polsive می نامیم که اغلب برای جلوگیری از آن ها از وسایلی مانند pop filter استفاده میکنیم.

Wind Noise

صداهایی مانند نفس کشیدن، صدای باد یا هواکش ها که به طور اتفاقی ضبط می شوند از جمله این نویز ها هستند که برای جلوگیری از وسایلی مانند windshield استفاده می شود.

HUM

از جمله نویز های سخت گیر و آزار دهنده که در فرکانس های 50 – 60 HZ پدیدار می شود این دسته از نویزهای که معمولا به خاطر تغذیه برق, نورها و به طور کل منابع تغذیه الکتریکی به وجود می آیند می توانند آسیب جدی به سیگنال، فرایند ضبط و در نهایت میکس وارد کنند.

BUZZ

اگر نویز شما از این جنس است خبر بدی برایتان دارم! اصلا خوب نیست! اصلا… چنانچه هارمونیک های Hum تشدید شوند و نویز ما دچار تنش شدید شود نویز حاصله از جنس Buzz است که خود را در فرکانس های 60 تا 250 HZ نشان می دهد. این نویز ها اکثرا حاصل از گیتار الکتریک، افکت ها و امپ ها هستند، معمولا Pickup Single coil مثال خوبی برای یک نویز Buzz است.

White Noise

اگر متولد دهه ی شصت به قبل هستید حتما یادتان هست که با فرا رسیدن شب شبکه های تلویزیونی سیگنال پخش را قطع میکردند و اگر شما به سرتان میزد تا نیمه شب دور از چشم والدین به تماشای تلویزیون بنشینید، حاصلش چیزی نبود جز صدای فیش مانند عجیب و به اصطلاح برفک. صدای برفک مانند، صدای سفید یا White Noise معمولا صدایی است تصادفی از تمامی فرکانس های قابل شنیدن با تراکم طیفی مسطح یا به انگلیسی Flat ​Density. این نویز با پوشاندن تمامی فرکانس ها مانند دیواری در برابر سایر فرکانس های قابل پخش عمل میکند و آنها را ماسکه می کند از این روست که در تحقیقات به عمل آمده در سال ١٩٩٠ نویز برفکی برای خواب بهتر و عمیق تر مناسب شناخته شد، همین طور چون این نویز صدایی شبیه به بارش باران را تداعی می کند برای تمرکز و مدیتیشن نیز کاربرد دارد. همانطور که نورها دارای طیف های رنگی هستند برای صدا نیز چنین پالتی در نظر گرفته شده است از جمله می توان به Pink Noise, Red, Blue, Orange , Red… و موارد دیگر اشاره کرد. اما این اسامی فقط برای دسته بندی نویزها به کار برده نشده اند بلکه دلیلی کاملا علمی دارند. برای مثال نویز برفکی یا White Noise به دلیل طیف گسترده ی فرکانسی و تراکم مسطح خود یادآور نور سفید یا White Light است که مخلوطی است از گستره ی کامل طول موج در نورهای قابل مشاهده. در بین طیف رنگی نویزها دو نویز White و Pink به دلیل نوع و تراکم خود بیشترین کاربرد را در مهندسی صدا دارند. مثلا از جمله کاربرد های نویز برفکی در ساخت موسیقی و صدا سازی، شبیه سازی صدای Cymbals یا Snare Drums در سینتی سایزر ها است و یا در صدابرداری جهت چک کردن E​qualization یا برابر سازی صدای محیط در سالن اجرا و کارکرد صحیح سیستم های PA یا به فارسی سیستم های پخش عمومی یا محیطی، از Pink Noise استفاده میشود.

Click & Crackle

دوستان عزیزی که Nerd موسیقی هستند و کلکسیونی از صفحات Vinyl دارند یا دسته ای از Dj های خیلی محترم که فقط از Vinyl استفاده میکنند به خوبی با این گونه از نویز های ترق تروقی یا انفجاری آشنا هستند.

این دسته از نویز ها معمولا در فرایند Digitizing یا دیجیتال شدن صدا رخ می دهند که میتوان گفت تغییرات ناگهانی حجم صدا دلیل موثری است. صفحات Vinyl میانه ی خوبی با عصر دیجیتال ندارند و همانطور که در ضرب المثلی ایرانی آمده دو پادشاه در یک اقلیم نگنجند! نویزهای Crackle در ادامه ی Click معمولا به گوش میرسند این دسته از نویزها صدایی کمتر با تراکم مسطح تر نسبت به همتای خود دارند و خاصیت Sizzling یا جلز ولزی آن ها را به خوبی معرفی میکند.

Clipping

یک سد را تصور کنید، چنانچه بیشتر از گنجایش سد آب در آن جمع شود، ممکن است سد سرریز کند و در حالت بدتر بشکند، شکستن سد عواقبی دارد مانند سیل و ویرانی. در مهندسی صدا چیزی به اسم Headroom وجود دارد که سقف معین و میزان گنجایش صدای ماست. پس اگر صدا بیش از حد ظرفیت باشد باعث ایجاد خسارت می شود و در مهندسی صدا این خسارت خود را با گونه ای از نویز ها نشان می دهد. یکی از بدترین و موزی ترین گونه ی نویزها! خانمها و آقایان این شما و این هم Clippin. برای هشدار دادن و متوجه کردن ما از این گونه نویز Daw ها با مربع یا چراغی قرمز رنگ به ما علامت میدهند و در سیستم های آنالوگ سطح عقربه ی میتر ما از محدوده ی استاندارد و بی خطر عبور میکند. در مباحث بعدی به طور مفصل این مبحث مهم را با هم بررسی خواهیم کرد. اگر فکر میکنید خسارت این دسته از نویزها فقط به صورتی بصری است و از نظر شنیداری گذرا است باید بگویم که اشتباه میکنید. این گونه از نویز ها می توانند آسیب جدی به سیستم T​weeter در اسپیکر شما بزند یا میتواند گوش شما را ناشنوا کند.

لازم به ذکر است که Digital clipping عملکرد متفاوتی ندارد و فقط از لحاظ تئوری تعریفی متفاوت دارد.

نویز محیطی

نویز محیطی یا آلودگی صوتی از جمله مهمترین مباحث سلامت در شهر نشینی شناخته شده است. امروز با رشد صنعت و شهرنشینی عوامل زیادی همچون ترافیک، کارخانه ها و صنایع، فرودگاه، مترو و راه آهن و بسیار موارد دیگر دست در دست یکدیگر داده اند و کیفیت مطلوب زندگی را متزلزل کرده اند. از این رو است که کنترل نویز های محیطی روی سلامت افراد بسیار تاثیرگذار است پس با ارائه راهکارهای مناسب سعی می شود تا آلودگی صوتی را کاهش داد. برای مثال از مالکین کارخانه ها تقاضا میشود تا میزان آلودگی صوتی در کارگاه های خود را اندازه بگیرند و با روش های مختلف این میزان نویز را کاهش دهند، مثلا کارگرها باید از گوشی ها Earmuffs استفاده کنند، کارخانه ها را دور از شهر ها بسازند و فاصله ی بین کارگر ها و ماشین آلات را زیاد کنند. به طور کل آموزش های عمومی و دولتی می تواند این روند را بهبود بخشد و در داشتن جامعه ای سالم تر و با نشاط تر نقش آفرین باشند.

روبه پایان

در این قسمت با انواع نویز آشنا شدیم، فشار صوتی را توضیح دادیم و با نویز در مهندسی صدا آشنا شدیم، از نویزهای رنگی گفتیم و در آخر مختصری درباره ی آلودگی صوتی صحبت کردیم. از این پس سعی کنید مولد نویز نباشید و از آن دوری کنید…

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It s just your own thing You paid the most to make Paging 1988 exposed again, and you didn t have the chance to prove you, so why bother But now everything you have done Efforts are ridiculously useful.Don t you feel the gap between us Yes, I feel it I am a little more mature than you, and I also have a little more long term vision, and my future planning is a little more detailed.

Zhang Sheng seems to have changed little from a month ago.As you know, due to some factors, this book may not be recommended in this period of time, even if the beginning is changed When signing the contract, editor Qilin sent Zhang Sheng this paragraph.

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The other man stood up staggeringly, with his open kimono exposing his chest.Me too. Chu Tiankuo looked at him with deep eyes, and suddenly there was a lot of nostalgia in his eyes I will never forget that kind of friendship and kindness.

Ye and me here, we are prepared. The two of them sang and harmonized, using coercion and inducement to the fullest.Mr. Chu has already retired. Is anyone really willing to leave the keys to nuclear weapons in his hands If you can t master this key, then the best way is to completely destroy it I m afraid we can only hold back on what happened today.

Qin Feng smiled lightly. See you later. After seeing Xu Hailin off, Zhang Quyang and the others were extremely excited, especially Zhang Quyang, who seemed to let out a breath of turbid air for a moment and felt very relaxed.Very happy. The other people from the martial arts alliance who followed were also dealing with people The Benefits and Effectiveness of Cheef Botanicals CBD Gummies for Overall Well-being (EVvwn) from the CBD Gummies and Stomach Pain: A Comprehensive Guide to Relief (WzaZV) Yangguo Martial Arts Association.

Right There was a faint threat in Dong Wanglou s words, and he took a step forward as he spoke.After all, according to Qin Manman, neither the expenses over the years nor this mansion belonged to them from the beginning.

Qin Feng turned around and saw a figure appearing at the end of the path, accompanied by a neighing sound.Zhang Quyang s face darkened, obviously very unhappy.

Qin Feng is just a foreigner who has just arrived. How can he be a distinguished guest of the Martial Arts Temple Dai Tao quickly adjusted his expression and smiled dryly Major General Xu, are you kidding me That s just a poor relative of my wife s family.Qin Chuan was overjoyed when he took the land transfer contract.

As the eldest son of the Ye family, he naturally became the head of the Ye family when Mr.Well. I say you too. It s okay to embarrass yourself. Now you re dragging all the martial arts practitioners from the Dragon Kingdom to embarrass you with you.

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An Jiuxiao was slightly better than her. After she recovered, she ran over and stuffed a pill into her mouth, and inserted a silver needle into an acupuncture point on the top of her head.After more than twenty years of forbearance, he was able to regain all the glory that originally belonged to him in the The Benefits of Seniors Using CBD Gummies for a Comfortable Post-Retirement Life martial arts conference.

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This time Mr. Dong did not refuse, Mu Qiuliang also turned his head slightly, and Xu Yue er behind him immediately understood.Unexpectedly, from the day Xuanyuan Feng held the sword, Low Carb CBD Gummies: Benefits, Reviews, and Keto Diet Guide the entire Tiexian Villa was surprised, headache and regretful because of his appearance.

The others stood far away, fearing that they would be implicated.Do you think you don t treat me as a friend if you hide it from me Seeing this person passing by , Wu Mian frowned How could he know Xu Shaoqin However, this was just the beginning.

Yes After the explanation, Chen Chuqing walked upstairs first.The level of intimacy even stunned Qin Feng himself.

Sure enough, Xu Hailin didn t take his words to heart at all.After passing through the screen is a golden nan table, on which agarwood is lit with a small copper stove.

She originally stood there, waiting for Qin Feng to humiliate her when he passed by, and she accepted it.When Qiu Qiming saw Qin Feng, his eyes immediately tightened Is that you Sun Jingjing took a step forward with a cold face Who are you Qin Feng ignored Qiu Qiming and instead focused on Sun Jingjing Sister Jing, hello, I am Qin Feng, the captain of the Nirvana team.