EXPORT [Chapter Two]

Noise

در قسمت پیش راجع به صدا و چگونگی انتشار صوت در محیط، نحوه ی رسیدن به گوش و انتقال به مغز صحبت کردیم. هر چه که می شنویم صداست و صدا از ارتعاش هر چیزی که در محیط قابل انتشار وجود دارد پدید می آید. اما نویز چیست؟ نویز هم صداست با این تفاوت که ناخواسته است، در واقع نویز میتواند یک صدای خیلی معمولی باشد مثل صدای ترافیک. باورتان بشود یا نه گاهی صدایی که برای شما لذت بخش است مثل گوش دادن به صدای مورد علاقه تان به موسیقی میتواند برای همسایه شما نویز تلقی شود. نویز می تواند برای هر فرد متفاوت باشد و عوامل زیادی هستند که یک موج صوتی را به نویز تبدیل میکنند و این به شرایط، زمان، محل انتشار صدا، سن انسان و میزان بلندی صدا و تحمل فرد بستگی دارد. مثلا شاید صدای شنیدن موسیقی همسایه در روز زیاد به چشم نیاید اما همین صدا در شب کاملا آزار دهنده است. برخی از نویز ها بسیار مخرب هستند و می توانند آسیب های جدی به مغز و گوش شما وارد کنند. صداهای بالای ٨۵ دسیبل مثل ترافیک شهری، فرودگاه و ماشین آلات صنعتی می توانند باعث ایجاد سکته قلبی، پاره شدن پرده گوش ، فشار به مغز و گردش خون سریع شوند. از این روست که آلودگی صوتی یکی از جدی ترین و مخرب ترین نوع آلودگی ها برای انسان است. خوب این یک نوع عینی و ذهنی از نویز بود اما مدل دیگر نویز در مهندسی صدا و صنعت الکترونیک وجود دارد که گاهی قابل شنیدن نخواهد بود، این نویز توسط قطعه ای از مدار یا مجموعه ای از عوامل دیگر به وجود می آید و در نهایت به صورت آکوستیکی قابل شنیدن است که اغلب به صورت های مختلف مثل Hum, Hiss … خود را نشان میدهند.

فشار صوت

در اینجا سعی دارم به طور مختصر راجع به فشار صوت صحبت کنم، به شخصه عاشق ریاضیات هستم و به طرز عجیبی از این مبحث متنفرم و دوری میکنم، پس به روش احمقانه ی من پیش بریم و این مبحث را ساده یاد بگیریم. یک خط کش را تصور کنید، همانطور که میدانیم واحد اندازه گیری طول متر است، اما همه چیز به بزرگی یک متر نیست پس مقیاسی ریزتر به نام سانتی متر و همانطور ریزتر به نام میلیمتر به کمک ما می آیند. در ریاضیات چیزی به نام لگاریتم وجود دارد، با مقیاس لگاریتم می توانیم ابعاد بزرگ را به ابعاد کوچکتر تبدیل کنیم.

Decibel

دسیبل

دسیبل واحد لگاریتمی است که به عنوان یکای تراز فشار صوت شناخته میشود، در واقع دسیبل کوچک شده ی واحدی به نام بل است علامت اختصاری آن dB است. تراز صوت را می توانیم به سه بخش اساسی تقسیم کنیم.

۱.تراز از توان صوت

۲.تراز از شدت صوت

۳.تراز از فشار صوت

۱. تراز توان صوت مربوط به منبع صوت است و با SWL نشان داده می شود.

۲.تراز شدت صوت مربوط به محیط انتشار می شود و با SIL نشان داده می شود.

۳.تراز فشار صوت به دریافت کننده مربوط می شود، پرده ی گوش انسان یک دریافت کننده محسوب می شود با SPL نشان داده می شود و نسبت به دو تراز دیگر در مطالب آینده بیشتر به چشم ما خواهد خورد.

سالنی بزرگ را تصور کنید که قرار است مهمانی در آن ترتیب داده شود، از آن جا که مهمانی بدون موزیک از کسل کننده ترین گردهمایی های جهان محسوب میشود، شما به فکر پخش موسیقی می افتید و از DJ چیره دست دعوت می کنید تا آتش مهمانی را شعله ور کند. برای پخش موسیقی به جز ادواتی مثل دستگاه پخش قطعا به اسپیکر های با کیفیت خوب و استاندارد نیازمند هستید، پس DJ از شما درخواست می کند تا برای مهمانی اسپیکر فراهم کنید. خوب در این لحظه مغز شما به خوبی تشخیص می دهد که اسپیکر های کامپیوتر که نهایتا سه اینچ هستند قدرت پخش کمتری دارند در نتیجه هیچ کس قادر به شنیدن صدای موزیک نخواهد بود، همچنین اسپیکر های خیلی بزرگ تر برای سالنی هفتاد متری مناسب نیست چون علاوه بر شکایت همسایه ها باعث شکستن شیشه ها و ناشنوایی حضار می شود. اما چه عاملی باعث می شود تا اندازه ی اسپیکر ها و سایز Drive اینطور تاثیر گذار باشد؟ جواب در یک کلمه فشار صوت! فشار صوت با شدت صوت متفاوت است، شدت صوت ارتباط با داینامیک صدا و موج صوتی دارد حال آنکه فشار صوت تعریفی متفاوت دارد. در اینجا به طور مختصر عملکرد اسپیکر به عنوان یک مولد صدا را بررسی خواهیم کرد: سیستم کامپیوتر شما تشکیل شده از داده های دیجیتال است، کارت صدای شما محصولی آنالوگ است، در واقع کارت صدا یک مترجم محسوب میشود. فرض کنید سینتی سایزر خود را به کارت صدا متصل کرده اید، سینت شما عملکردی آنالوگ دارد پس سیگنال صوتی وارد کارت صدا می شود، کارت صدا مانند یک مترجم خیلی سریع سیگنال آنالوگ را به داده های دیجیتال تبدیل میکند, در این جا داده ها در درون کامپیوتر ما که سیستمی دیجیتال است نمایش داده می شوند، این اتفاق در DAW های ما مانند Ableton, Studio One, Pro Tools… ملموس تر و ساده تر نشان داده می شود، سپس داده های ما دوباره به کارت صدا منتقل می شوند، این بار داده های دیجیتال به سیگنال و انرژی الکتریکی تبدیل می شوند، کارت صدای ما ستاره ی ماجراست، این سیگنال ها وارد اسپیکر می شوند, اسپیکر ها انرژی الکتریکی را به انرژی مکانیکی تبدیل می کنند، درایور های اسپیکر شروع به ارتعاش می کنند و بدین صورت سیگنال صوتی و به طور کل موسیقی شنیده می شود. هوا در اطراف ما است، هرچه اسپیکر ما قدرتمند تر باشد مولکول های هوای بیشتری را درگیر میکند و سرعت انتقال بیشتر است در نتیجه صدای بیشتر و حجیم تری تولید می شود و بالعکس هرچه اسپیکر ما کوچک تر باشد صدای کمتری شنیده خواهد شد. البته این توضیحات بسیار ساده و مختصر هستند خوب است که بدانید در پخش و کیفیت صدا عوامل زیادی دست به دست هم میدهند از اجزای به کار گرفته شده و قطعات درون اسپیکر گرفته تا شرایط محیطی و معماری.

در این دیاگرام فشار هوا را مشاهده میکند، شماره 1 سکوت است در واقع صوتی وجود ندارد. شماره ی 2 موج صوتی است که اتفاق افتاده شماره 3 فشار محیط است و در نهایت شماره 4 فشار صوتی است. در این دیگرام رابطه ی موج صوتی، محیط و فشار صوت به خوبی نشان داده شده است.

انواع Noise در مهندسی صدا

در مهندسی صدا نویز ها انواع مختلفی دارند و این طور نیست که هر صدایی که نویز می نامیم یک جنس داشته باشد. در علم مهندسی صدا نویز ها به دسته های گوناگون تقسیم بندی شده اند که مختصری از آن ها را با هم بررسی میکنیم.

Rumble

اکثر ادوات صوتی مانند میکروفون ها دارای نویز هستند این نویز ها به دلیل مدار الکترونیکی، جریان برق و نوع قطعات به کار گرفته شده متفاوت هستند، فرکانسی حدود 40 HZ که در برخورد اول به سختی قابل شنیدن است معمولا در میان این ادوات نویزی مشترک است که اکثرا در دستگاه های ارزان قیمت بسیار نمایان تر است، این نویز ها را Rumble مینامیم.

Polsive

حتما در هنگام ضبط صدای خواننده و به خصوص پادکست با صدای انفجاری و تهاجمی حروف ب و پ مواجه شده اید که بسیار آزار دهنده هستند، این دست از نویز ها را Polsive می نامیم که اغلب برای جلوگیری از آن ها از وسایلی مانند pop filter استفاده میکنیم.

Wind Noise

صداهایی مانند نفس کشیدن، صدای باد یا هواکش ها که به طور اتفاقی ضبط می شوند از جمله این نویز ها هستند که برای جلوگیری از وسایلی مانند windshield استفاده می شود.

HUM

از جمله نویز های سخت گیر و آزار دهنده که در فرکانس های 50 – 60 HZ پدیدار می شود این دسته از نویزهای که معمولا به خاطر تغذیه برق, نورها و به طور کل منابع تغذیه الکتریکی به وجود می آیند می توانند آسیب جدی به سیگنال، فرایند ضبط و در نهایت میکس وارد کنند.

BUZZ

اگر نویز شما از این جنس است خبر بدی برایتان دارم! اصلا خوب نیست! اصلا… چنانچه هارمونیک های Hum تشدید شوند و نویز ما دچار تنش شدید شود نویز حاصله از جنس Buzz است که خود را در فرکانس های 60 تا 250 HZ نشان می دهد. این نویز ها اکثرا حاصل از گیتار الکتریک، افکت ها و امپ ها هستند، معمولا Pickup Single coil مثال خوبی برای یک نویز Buzz است.

White Noise

اگر متولد دهه ی شصت به قبل هستید حتما یادتان هست که با فرا رسیدن شب شبکه های تلویزیونی سیگنال پخش را قطع میکردند و اگر شما به سرتان میزد تا نیمه شب دور از چشم والدین به تماشای تلویزیون بنشینید، حاصلش چیزی نبود جز صدای فیش مانند عجیب و به اصطلاح برفک. صدای برفک مانند، صدای سفید یا White Noise معمولا صدایی است تصادفی از تمامی فرکانس های قابل شنیدن با تراکم طیفی مسطح یا به انگلیسی Flat ​Density. این نویز با پوشاندن تمامی فرکانس ها مانند دیواری در برابر سایر فرکانس های قابل پخش عمل میکند و آنها را ماسکه می کند از این روست که در تحقیقات به عمل آمده در سال ١٩٩٠ نویز برفکی برای خواب بهتر و عمیق تر مناسب شناخته شد، همین طور چون این نویز صدایی شبیه به بارش باران را تداعی می کند برای تمرکز و مدیتیشن نیز کاربرد دارد. همانطور که نورها دارای طیف های رنگی هستند برای صدا نیز چنین پالتی در نظر گرفته شده است از جمله می توان به Pink Noise, Red, Blue, Orange , Red… و موارد دیگر اشاره کرد. اما این اسامی فقط برای دسته بندی نویزها به کار برده نشده اند بلکه دلیلی کاملا علمی دارند. برای مثال نویز برفکی یا White Noise به دلیل طیف گسترده ی فرکانسی و تراکم مسطح خود یادآور نور سفید یا White Light است که مخلوطی است از گستره ی کامل طول موج در نورهای قابل مشاهده. در بین طیف رنگی نویزها دو نویز White و Pink به دلیل نوع و تراکم خود بیشترین کاربرد را در مهندسی صدا دارند. مثلا از جمله کاربرد های نویز برفکی در ساخت موسیقی و صدا سازی، شبیه سازی صدای Cymbals یا Snare Drums در سینتی سایزر ها است و یا در صدابرداری جهت چک کردن E​qualization یا برابر سازی صدای محیط در سالن اجرا و کارکرد صحیح سیستم های PA یا به فارسی سیستم های پخش عمومی یا محیطی، از Pink Noise استفاده میشود.

Click & Crackle

دوستان عزیزی که Nerd موسیقی هستند و کلکسیونی از صفحات Vinyl دارند یا دسته ای از Dj های خیلی محترم که فقط از Vinyl استفاده میکنند به خوبی با این گونه از نویز های ترق تروقی یا انفجاری آشنا هستند.

این دسته از نویز ها معمولا در فرایند Digitizing یا دیجیتال شدن صدا رخ می دهند که میتوان گفت تغییرات ناگهانی حجم صدا دلیل موثری است. صفحات Vinyl میانه ی خوبی با عصر دیجیتال ندارند و همانطور که در ضرب المثلی ایرانی آمده دو پادشاه در یک اقلیم نگنجند! نویزهای Crackle در ادامه ی Click معمولا به گوش میرسند این دسته از نویزها صدایی کمتر با تراکم مسطح تر نسبت به همتای خود دارند و خاصیت Sizzling یا جلز ولزی آن ها را به خوبی معرفی میکند.

Clipping

یک سد را تصور کنید، چنانچه بیشتر از گنجایش سد آب در آن جمع شود، ممکن است سد سرریز کند و در حالت بدتر بشکند، شکستن سد عواقبی دارد مانند سیل و ویرانی. در مهندسی صدا چیزی به اسم Headroom وجود دارد که سقف معین و میزان گنجایش صدای ماست. پس اگر صدا بیش از حد ظرفیت باشد باعث ایجاد خسارت می شود و در مهندسی صدا این خسارت خود را با گونه ای از نویز ها نشان می دهد. یکی از بدترین و موزی ترین گونه ی نویزها! خانمها و آقایان این شما و این هم Clippin. برای هشدار دادن و متوجه کردن ما از این گونه نویز Daw ها با مربع یا چراغی قرمز رنگ به ما علامت میدهند و در سیستم های آنالوگ سطح عقربه ی میتر ما از محدوده ی استاندارد و بی خطر عبور میکند. در مباحث بعدی به طور مفصل این مبحث مهم را با هم بررسی خواهیم کرد. اگر فکر میکنید خسارت این دسته از نویزها فقط به صورتی بصری است و از نظر شنیداری گذرا است باید بگویم که اشتباه میکنید. این گونه از نویز ها می توانند آسیب جدی به سیستم T​weeter در اسپیکر شما بزند یا میتواند گوش شما را ناشنوا کند.

لازم به ذکر است که Digital clipping عملکرد متفاوتی ندارد و فقط از لحاظ تئوری تعریفی متفاوت دارد.

نویز محیطی

نویز محیطی یا آلودگی صوتی از جمله مهمترین مباحث سلامت در شهر نشینی شناخته شده است. امروز با رشد صنعت و شهرنشینی عوامل زیادی همچون ترافیک، کارخانه ها و صنایع، فرودگاه، مترو و راه آهن و بسیار موارد دیگر دست در دست یکدیگر داده اند و کیفیت مطلوب زندگی را متزلزل کرده اند. از این رو است که کنترل نویز های محیطی روی سلامت افراد بسیار تاثیرگذار است پس با ارائه راهکارهای مناسب سعی می شود تا آلودگی صوتی را کاهش داد. برای مثال از مالکین کارخانه ها تقاضا میشود تا میزان آلودگی صوتی در کارگاه های خود را اندازه بگیرند و با روش های مختلف این میزان نویز را کاهش دهند، مثلا کارگرها باید از گوشی ها Earmuffs استفاده کنند، کارخانه ها را دور از شهر ها بسازند و فاصله ی بین کارگر ها و ماشین آلات را زیاد کنند. به طور کل آموزش های عمومی و دولتی می تواند این روند را بهبود بخشد و در داشتن جامعه ای سالم تر و با نشاط تر نقش آفرین باشند.

روبه پایان

در این قسمت با انواع نویز آشنا شدیم، فشار صوتی را توضیح دادیم و با نویز در مهندسی صدا آشنا شدیم، از نویزهای رنگی گفتیم و در آخر مختصری درباره ی آلودگی صوتی صحبت کردیم. از این پس سعی کنید مولد نویز نباشید و از آن دوری کنید…

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Cui Guanghai nodded in agreement, This is indeed a problem.Du Heng was considered a celebrity in their hospital.

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Shi said he didn t know Via Keto Chemist Warehouse: How to Find Viaketo Products at Chemist Warehouse Does Keto Diet Include Vegetables either. Du Heng patted his forehead speechlessly, Antelope horn, musk, scorpion tail, and centipede are used to prepare a powder.But he made a special inquiry and asked from the transfer unit, and there was no problem.

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Du Heng took a deep breath. He didn t look Entwicklung eines Ernährungsplans zum Abnehmen: Was Sie beachten sollten Is Almond Or Soy Milk Better For Weight Loss at anyone now, just stared at Zhu Minyan on the bed.Okay, you can do it tomorrow. You have to behave well.

Du Heng knew his eldest brother too well, so he could make him submit by using some tricks.Zhou Yixian and Du Heng s relationship seems to have entered a honeymoon period after the last patient with pulmonary heart disease.

He was really very happy today. At the age of forty six, for a moment, he really felt that he had no regrets in this life.Thank you, teacher. Listening to Du Keto Roast Beef Stimuli RX Gummies for ED: Stimulating Your Weight Loss Efforts Heng s thanks , Li Jianwei waved his hand to him, telling him not to be so polite, Xiao Du, do you think this situation of Officer Wu is ok Du Heng took a deep breath, We ll see if it s ok tomorrow.

Not to mention the suffering, it is impossible to say how many years he will live.Du Heng didn t dare to let the child take any more medicine.

He refused to take up the problem, so he asked Yu Haiting to ask the question.Moreover, if he fell from such a high place, What To Do If Your Husband Has Erectile Dysfunction Biolife CBD Gummies for ED Reviews: A New Chapter in ED Treatment he would probably be seriously injured if he didn t die.

If he Frosty Fat Loss: A Step-by-Step Guide to Using ACV in Winter Keto Diet Is It Bad hadn t dealt with the previous leaders, it would not have been Du Heng s turn to pick up the slack.When she came out, she looked around at the people around her.

Although he admired Du Heng s current level, how could it be possible if he didn t want to compete It s just that his knowledge and Manatee Weight Loss Center Lifestyle Keto Gummy: Enhancing Your Keto Lifestyle with Gummies education will not allow him to show it in such a low key way.I just watched this wine on TV. Du Heng, does this wine cost several thousand How much money do you make as a dean There are so many.

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Du Heng also took advantage of this opportunity to carefully feel the elasticity and toughness of the skin on his feet to prepare for the subsequent treatment.Du Heng, I m not done with you. I m waiting. After saying that, he pushed again. Seeing Wu Shengnan almost crying, he smiled and continued his work.

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From now on, we only need to continue to detoxify and drain pus, soften the tumor, and cure it.Moreover, with the old man of the Wu family here, the trust between them is well founded.

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When he died from exhaustion, his vitality and primordial spirit had been completely extinguished, only the indestructible rune in his body remained.Under the boundless night rain, everything became blurred, even if Meng Jingzhe had the ability to see things at night, it was useless at this time.

Ye Shenglan just finished speaking, then Can t help but glance at Meng Jingzhe.Meng Jingzhe didn t have any doubts about her words, he couldn t speak at this moment, he could only nod vigorously.

The terrain in the sword mound was complicated, but the Dragon Chanting Sword seemed to be equipped with How to Use Apple Cider Vinegar on Feet for 2025 Weight Loss? What Nuts Are Good For The Keto Diet a navigation system.Zhao Shou Zuo bowed and said I understand.Luck should be the qualification to be promoted to the Martial God, and the shadow leader is right about this.

The person who traced the disk became Meng Jingzhe.The soul locking lamp stopped towards Meng Jingzhe.

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Under his gaze, the speed of the crack walking accelerated, and finally with the sound of cracking , the sculpture of the Confucian saint collapsed.can happen , obviously because the opponent s escape speed is much higher than his own.

Yu Cui is no longer the little girl she was back then.Axi said suddenly.Among the people present, there were also those who lived Taco Bell Keto Hacks Dosage Strategies for Semaglutide in Achieving Weight Loss a long time, those who had experienced several battles, and they nodded in agreement when they heard the words.

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For a while, it was hard to tell whether it was the heaven and the earth that were repelling Wu Fu, or the martial arts were repelling heaven and earth.He created Confucianism, and within a hundred years he became an invincible technique, overwhelming many superstars.

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I can t understand what you said.A Xi said. The green long whip paused How can you.how can you not remember.He had seen this beast before on murals and on soul locking lamps.

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When these two consciousnesses discovered Meng Jingzhe s consciousness, they were quite surprised.Pixiu continued Actually, I ve been waiting for you to make a decision.

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At this time, the latter had put away his alluring charm and frowned.When Meng Jingzhe was in elementary school, his parents sent him to Why Purple Tea is the Best Choice for Weight Loss Enthusiasts Keto Raspberry Muffins learn Go for a few days, but soon he gave up continuing Most Effective Weight Loss Drug Lizzo Weight Loss: Celebrating Body Positivity While Embracing Health to study Go.

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This feeling became stronger and stronger, disturbing him so much that he couldn t cultivate.If it was activated, it would never turn a blind eye to it.

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Zhu Rong obtained it from the immortal volcano in the south of the sky.More than a dozen seriously injured Nascent Soul elders could no longer hold on.

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With such a strong capital, it is only a matter of time before the area of the small world exceeds that of the Tianyuan world.Although the gray clothed old monk thought that Xu Yang had no malicious intentions, he cautiously spoke out to test Xu Yang s attitude.

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